Types of Depression: Symptoms, Causes and Treatment Options

Depression is not a single condition; it is an umbrella term for multiple disorders, each with distinct symptoms and approaches to treatment and care. 

As there are various types of depression, identifying which type someone is experiencing is an important step in determining effective treatment. In this post, we will provide a brief definition of depression and outline each of the most common types. 

We’ll also provide insight into the realities of diagnosis and share an overview of treatment options. We’ll also highlight why understanding the different types matters and offer recommendations for learning more about this topic.

What are the different types of depression?

In another blog post, “What is depression?”, we outline the nature of this mental health disorder and how it involves impaired mental, emotional and physical functioning. 

While the previously mentioned article gives more in-depth insight into the nature of a depressive disorder, in this post, we will cover some of the main types of depression to illustrate its complexity. To do this, we’ll outline six of the most common depressive disorders below.

1. Major depressive disorder

Major depressive disorder, also known as major, clinical or unipolar depression, is the most commonly diagnosed form of depression. The primary symptom is an overwhelming depressed mood for more than two weeks. 

This depressed mood affects all facets of the person’s life, including work, home life, relationships and friendships. A person with this kind of depression often finds it difficult to do much of anything or to motivate themselves. As a result, even seeking treatment for this condition can be challenging.

2. Bipolar depression

As opposed to unipolar, or major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder (sometimes called manic depressive disorder) is more complex but involves depressive symptoms. 

For those with bipolar disorder, there is a pattern of extreme lows followed by periods of extreme highs. Symptoms may cycle between depression and mania, the latter of which involves high energy, excitement, racing thoughts, and often poor judgment, a few times a year. Alternatively, the cycles could be shorter, making them much more rapid. 

Sadly, this disorder has one of the highest risks for suicide, which makes an accurate diagnosis and treatment critical.

3. Persistent depressive disorder

Historically known as dysthymia, persistent depressive disorder involves chronic depressive symptoms that may be less severe than major depression but last for two years or longer. Someone with dysthymia, or “high-functioning depression”, may experience less severe symptoms, but is still able to perform daily tasks.

4. Psychotic depression

Psychotic depression involves both depressive symptoms and hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that aren’t there) or delusions (irrational thoughts and fears). Often, people with psychotic depression become paranoid.

5. Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) relates to variations in light exposure across different times of the year. Symptoms include mood disturbances (either periods of depression or mania) that begin and end in a particular season. People with SAD are more likely to experience a lack of energy, sleep too much, overeat, gain weight and crave carbohydrates.

6. Postnatal depression

Also known as postpartum depression, this type of depression occurs in some new mothers in the weeks or months following childbirth. Many link postnatal depression to hormonal changes that occur during pregnancy. However, some believe that it may have more to do with an inability to adapt to new circumstances or a lack of social support.

The reality of diagnosing depression

The six forms of depression described provide some context for the complexity of depression. However, people may categorise these types of depression differently. For example, Harvard Health Publishing doesn’t identify psychotic depression as a distinct type, but includes Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) as a distinct category, along with other disorders related to hormonal fluctuations.

Individuals also differ, so some people may not meet all diagnostic criteria. With atypical depression, for example, symptoms may improve in response to positive events. Therefore, while distinct depression categories are helpful for diagnosis and treatment, diagnosis isn’t always straightforward, and some disorders may occur at the same time, such as “double depression”.

Overall, it’s clear that depressive disorders are complex, especially considering that depression might be diagnosed and treated differently in various cultural contexts.

What are the various treatment options available for depression?

As we’ve covered in this article, it’s essential to consult a qualified mental health professional to obtain an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment. 

However, to give a general overview of what treatment can look like, it may include the following options, as outlined by the National Institute of Mental Health:

• Psychotherapy, or talk therapy, which may include modalities such as Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)
• Medication, including various types of antidepressants
• Lifestyle changes such as exercise, diet and complementary therapies
• More intensive interventions for severe depression, such as brain stimulation therapy

Why understanding different types of depression matters

Since depression is a complex mental health disorder, understanding the different types can help us manage the impact of depression, which may also be complex and multifaceted. 

While a qualified mental health professional can help to diagnose and offer treatment options for different types of depression, professional help may not always be easily available, and stigma may also prevent a person from seeking help. Therefore, it’s critical to increase awareness of depression and enhance access to treatment, which includes accessing affordable mental health care resources.

Learn more about depressive disorders

The services of qualified mental health professionals, such as counsellors and psychologists, are essential to combating all forms of depression and other mental health epidemics. If you believe you have a role to play, SACAP offers a range of mental health courses to prepare you to help someone with depression. 

SACAP offers various degrees and postgraduate qualifications in applied psychology, including our Bachelor of Applied Social Science (Majoring in Psychology and Counselling), our Bachelor of Social Science Honours in Psychology and other related mental health courses.

SACAP Global also offers various short online courses on the topic of depression, including Holistic Approach to Managing Depression and Enhancing Mental Health.